»  Low charge level: This is caused by a defective alternator, extremely short journeys or an excess of electrical equipment. Dirty terminals can cause a loss of current. The battery is not fully charged and parts of the active material have become inactive (sulphation). The consequences are a loss of capacity and reduced starting power.

»  Overcharging: This is caused by a defective voltage regulator. Overcharging results in high water consumption, extreme electrode corrosion and severe damage to the battery.

» Strong cyclical use: This is caused by numerous discharging and recharging deep cycles. Usually, these charges do not occur under normal circumstances, unless the starter battery is frequently activated in congested traffic with lots of stop-start activity, or when it is used for other purposes, for example in taxis, to operate loading platforms on trucks or as a traction battery (there are special batteries for such applications).

»  Wrong size of battery: Choosing a battery with an inadequate capacity for a vehicle results in a larger cyclical charge and damage to the battery.